1. Government Authorities (Public Roads)

If the access road is part of the public road network, maintenance is typically the responsibility of:

• Municipal or local government for urban streets and smaller roads
  
• State or national highway departments for major roads and expressways
  
• Public Works Departments (PWD) for infrastructure upkeep and repair
  

These authorities handle paving, drainage, signage, lighting, and seasonal maintenance like pothole repairs or snow removal.

2. Developers and Private Owners (Private Roads)

For private access roads—such as those within industrial parks, gated developments, or private estates—the land developer or property owner is usually responsible. This includes:

• Regular upkeep and resurfacing
  
• Installing and maintaining internal signage and speed controls
  
• Ensuring the road meets local safety and engineering standards
  

Often, these responsibilities may shift to owners’ associations or corporate facility managers after initial development.

3. Shared Responsibility or Easement Agreements

In cases where access roads cross multiple properties or involve shared usage, maintenance may fall under:

• Easement agreements defining rights and duties among landowners
  
• Joint maintenance contracts among stakeholders
  
• Public-private partnerships in mixed-use or industrial zones
  

Clarity in ownership and legal agreements is crucial to prevent disputes and ensure reliable access.