1. Developers and Builders

In many cases, developers are required to finance road access improvements as part of their development projects. These improvements can include constructing new roads, widening existing ones, or adding traffic signals to accommodate increased traffic from the development. Such requirements are often stipulated by local planning authorities to ensure that the infrastructure can support the new development. Developers may also pay impact fees, which are charges imposed to offset the costs of providing public services to the new development.  

2. Municipalities and Local Governments

Local governments may fund road access improvements, especially when the projects serve the broader public interest or when they are part of larger infrastructure initiatives. Funding can come from various sources, including municipal budgets, state or federal grants, and special assessments. In some instances, municipalities establish Road Improvement Districts (RIDs), where the municipality finances, designs, and constructs the improvements, and property owners repay a portion of the costs through special assessments. ​ 

3. Property Owners and Homeowners’ Associations

When road access improvements primarily benefit a specific group of properties, the associated property owners may bear the costs. This is common in private communities or subdivisions where homeowners’ associations (HOAs) manage and maintain roads. In such cases, the HOA collects dues from members to fund road maintenance and improvements. Additionally, in shared access situations, property owners may enter into agreements outlining each party’s responsibilities for road upkeep and improvements.